This helps to check hemoglobin levels and identify any abnormal hemoglobin. This examination is known medically as hemoglobin electrophoresis or hemoglobin electrophoresis, and it is a blood test that aims to measure and identify the different types of protein present in red blood cells, known as hemoglobin, and this protein is responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues and organs. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. In adults, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin: In infants and children, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin: Dr. Amos Grunebaum, MD, FACOG is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and among the world's leading authorities on fertility and pregnancy. The most common types of normal hemoglobin are: Hemoglobin A. All age groups. Hemoglobin present in the blood is responsible for carrying oxygen and delivering it to various body organs.Hemoglobin electrophoresis test is designed to identify and measure different types of Hemoglobin that can be found in ones blood. In the lab, the technician places the blood sample on special paper and applies an electric current. 11.9. Normal types of hemoglobin are, for example: For adults, the reference percentages of normal hemoglobins are: The laboratory report must be evaluated by the specialist, that is, by the haematologist who will eventually prescribe a level II examination. Protein electrophoresis is a test that measures specific proteins in the blood. If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. Paying special attention to yourdiet during gestation can help the body adapt to pregnancy more smoothly. Your results will show the types of hemoglobin found and the levels of each. The test separates proteins in the blood based on their electrical charge. Newborn screening is a group of tests given to most American babies shortly after birth. Normal Results In adults, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin: Hb A: 95% to 98% Hb A2: 2% to 3% Hb F: 0.8% to 2% Hb S: 0% Hb C: 0% In infants and children, these hemoglobin molecules make up the following percentages of total hemoglobin: Hb F (newborn): 50% to 80% Hb F (6 months): 8% Hemoglobin A1 (96% to 98% of total hemoglobin), Hemoglobin A2 (1.5% to 3.5% of total hemoglobin), Hemoglobin F (0.5% to 1% of total hemoglobin). Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level less than 11.0 g/dl in the first and third trimester or less than 10.5 g/dl in the second trimester of pregnancy. Affected children will require regular lifelong blood transfusions. Understanding the test results of Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test. It can be harder to step back and look at the big picture, particularly if the big picture focuses on the health and wellbeing of your child or your newborn baby. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is becoming available in conjunction with in vitro fertilization.21, Serum ferritin has been used as a marker of iron storage to predict cardiac complications. Itching in pregnancy: how to relieve it, when to worry. Evaluation of a suspected hemoglobinopathy should include electrophoresis of a hemolysate to detect abnormal hemoglobins and quantification of HbA2 and HbF with column chromatography. A serum ferritin (to exclude iron deficiency anemia) should be performed simultaneously. dismorphic red blood cells. These persons experience symptoms that are less severe and do not require lifelong transfusions to survive past 20 years of age (Table 2).6. Hemoglobin (Hb) Electrophoresis by HPLC test measures and identifies different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Available from: Lab Tests Online [Internet]. Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells. Hemoglobin type levels that are too high or too low may be signs of a blood disorder. If your hemoglobin levels have fallen drastically, it could be due to: While it is normal for hemoglobin to fall to 9.5 g/dL and cause a mild form of anemia, dropping below 9g/dL can lead to some serious problems in both mother and baby. A high hemoglobin A2 value - associated with low MCV and MCH values with normal iron and ferritin values - can lead to suspicion of a carrier diagnosis of beta thalassemia. [6], Mass spectrometry, a newer analytical technology, may be used to identify highly unstable hemoglobins that may manifest clinically as hemolytic anemia or thalassemia. Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida Health; c2020. Risk factors include: A health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin types include hemoglobin A 1 (HbA 1 ),. Reference Interval: Refer to laboratory. We will review it in the next few hours. Beta thalassemia major causes hemolytic anemia, poor growth, and skeletal abnormalities during infancy. For example, if your hemoglobin Type S looks different from a normal Type S, it could mean you have sickle cell anemia. (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/documents/nbs_hemoglobinopathy-testing_122015.pdf), (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-blood-disorders/laboratory-tests-for-blood-disorders), (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-tests), (https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Electrophoresis), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. The "Dancing with the Stars" judge and co-host of "The Talk" opens up about living with iron deficiency anemia. doxylamine. This lab test measures the types of protein in the fluid (serum) part of a blood sample. 20021389854-overviewDiseases & Conditions, You are being redirected to
In this case, the red blood cells are poorer in hemoglobin than normal. Thalassemia Genetic Testing by PCR-Based Methods PCR-based methods, including gap-PCR and PCR-RDB, were carried out at 9 study centers according to the manufacturer's protocol (Yanengbio, Yishengtang, Kaipu Bioscience). Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. [1] : Presence of HbS, but with a higher proportion of HbA than HbS: Sickle cell trait (HbAS) or sickle -thalassemia, Presence of HbS and HbF, but no HbA: Sickle cell anemia (HbSS), sickle beta0 -thalassemia (hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin [HPFH]), or sickleHPFH, Overall higher proportion of HbS than HbA and HbF: Sickle beta+ -thalassemia (most likely), Presence of HbC, but with a higher proportion of HbA than HbC: HbC trait (HbAC), Presence of HbC and HbF, but no HbA: HbC disease (HbCC), HbC beta0 -thalassemia (HbC-HPFH), A higher proportion of HbC than HbA: HbC beta+ -thalassemia, Increased HbF: Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, sickle cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, HbC disease, HbE disease Cleveland (OH): Cleveland Clinic; c2020. Oct 2011;31(4):238-243.: Caruso D, Crestani M, Mitro N, et al. Eric B Staros, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, Association for Molecular Pathology, College of American PathologistsDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Genetic mutations can cause your body to produce hemoglobin that is formed incorrectly. Alpha thalassemia occurs most often in persons of African and Southeast Asian descent, and beta thalassemia is most common in persons of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian descent. 14th ed. The levels that a hemoglobin electrophoresis test refer to are the percentages of the different types of hemoglobin that may be found in your blood. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk is for developing type 2 diabetes. Standard treatments for thalassemia major are blood transfusions and iron chelation. Therefore, the measurement of this protein while expecting is of high importance. Accessed: April 25, 2012. Molecular genetic testingThis is a test of the genes in your blood. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. Alternatives to estrogen-containing contraception should be offered to women of reproductive age. Approximate ranges given below. Mutations in the hemoglobin can cause the body to produce faulty or abnormal hemoglobin. The problem can be so severe that it can even interrupt the regular progression of the gestation, causing side effects such as: As your hemoglobin levels keep falling, the symptoms will get worse and worse. Hemoglobin A 2 levels have special application to the diagnosis of -thalassemia trait, which may be present even though peripheral blood smear is normal. A new technique for differentiation of hemoglobin. Hb H disease is typically a moderate hemolytic anemia associated with splenomegaly and bone changes. Each type of hemoglobin can then be measured individually. A test . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. There are usually two genes, but if there is only one gene for HgS and the other is HgA then the person is a carrier, but if there are two of the HgC or HgS genes or one is HgS and the other is HgC then the person has the actual condition. If you or your child was diagnosed with a sickle cell disease or other hemoglobin disorder, talk to your provider about treatment options. The thalassemias are a group of inherited hematologic disorders caused by defects in the synthesis of one or more of the hemoglobin chains. The four-gene deletion results in significant production of hemoglobin Bart's (Hb Bart's), which has four gamma chains (gamma4). It may cause pain, infection, stroke, and anemia (low levels of red blood cells). drvvt (children's) dust allergen component. The test involves taking blood. Your doctor will also look at your results based on your age, health, and other factors. Beta thalassemia major or intermedia is a chronic disease with a significant impact on the patient and the patient's family and offspring. When itslevels finally fall to 6 g/dL and below, angina will develop in a mother as a result of her heart not getting enough of blood. We plan out all aspects of your trip. Hemoglobin electrophoresis measures the levels of the different types of this protein in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells which helps transport oxygen. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier; 2019. Hemoglobin electrophoresis test uses electric current to segregate different hemoglobin proteins in blood. Splenomegaly can worsen the anemia and occasionally cause neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. 80. [3], Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is comparable to CA electrophoresis for reliable measurement of Hb fractions. With age, the percentage of hemoglobin present in the body changes. Beta-thalassemia causes symptoms related to anemia, including weak or brittle bones, and leads to problems with how your bones develop. Transfusion requirements are episodic and become necessary when the person's hemoglobin is inadequate for a normal life or when the anemia impairs growth and development. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy. Normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) has two - and two -globin chains (2 2). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PTH SST 2d Test Name Alt Spec Add- on Salicylate N/A 1d Blood Bank None 3d Sodium None 7d Adenovirus PCR, Plasma Lav EDTA 3d RED NO GEL Theophylline None 7d Ammonia + None 3hrs Test Name Alt Spec Add- on Tobramycin None 2d BK Virus PCR, Plasma Lav EDTA 3d Ethanol GC None 7d Transferrin None 7d BNP Lav EDTA 3d When enough blood has been drawn, they remove the needle and cover the site with a gauze pad. On the journey to good health, we understand that it is important for you to feel at home. This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties. At least one month before surgery, patients should receive the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. 13.7. The thalassemias (named from the Greek word for sea, thalassa1) are a group of inherited autosomal recessive hematologic disorders2 that cause hemolytic anemia because of the decreased or absent synthesis of a globin chain. Hemoglobin is a tetramer with two pairs of globin chains, each containing an identical heme group. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used as a screening test to evaluate for and identify variant and abnormal hemoglobins. Imbalances of globin chains cause hemolysis and impair erythropoiesis. Normal hemoglobin carries and delivers oxygen well, but some abnormal types do not. Available from: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Internet]. Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation are rarely needed. Variations in the hemoglobin levels or presence of abnormal hemoglobin can indicate blood diseases. There are several types of hemoglobin, and the proportions of each type can vary . Then they insert a small needle with a tube attached to collect blood. For example, if your hemoglobin Type F level is higher than normal, it could be a sign you have a form of thalassemia. Price for Neonatal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Test. Deficient production is usually caused by a deletion of one or more of these genes. Hemoglobin is the protein which is present inside the red blood cells. In HbSS, the full blood count reveals hemoglobin levels in the range of 6-8 g/dL with a high reticulocyte count (as the bone marrow compensates for the destruction of sickle cells by producing more red blood cells). Each lab has a different range for what's normal. Arlington (VA): March of Dimes; c2020. Soon after birth it gets converted to Hemoglobin A. Hemoglobin S, C, E and M These are abnormal hemoglobin variants. Commom laboratory tests. May 1989;83(5 Pt 2):839-842: Robinson AR, Robson M, Harrison AP, Zuelzer WW. The major hemoglobin types have different electrical charges. All rights reserved. The vial is submitted for analysis. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A human body contains various types of hemoglobin in their blood. Therefore, no specific treatment can be recommended. To give our visitors a better experience and relevant information, We use cookies. Cellulose acetate (CA) electrophoresis at pH 8.2-8.6 can be used to resolve common variants such as HbS and HbC, but it cannot be used to distinguish between HbS and HbDPunjab and HbGPhiladelphia. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Method: Electrophoresis of a lysate of washed red cells; haemoglobins identified by mobility. Values above the norm of hemoglobin A2 (over 3,5% of the total) may indicate the presence of beta thalassemia or Mediterranean anemia. Molecular testing aids in genetic counseling of patients with thalassemia and combined hemoglobinopathies. Alpha thalassemia major with Hb Bart's causes nonimmune hydrops fetalis in utero, which is almost always fatal. Workup relies primarily on laboratory evaluation, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and genetic testing (alpha thalassemia mutations panel). Persons with a history of thrombosis may be treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. donath landsteiner. Iron is deposited in visceral organs (mainly the heart, liver, and endocrine glands), and most patient deaths are caused by cardiac complications.11 Endocrinopathies, particularly hypogonadism and diabetes mellitus, may occur in adolescents and adults.2. Most patients with abnormal hemoglobins have no symptoms but could potentially transmit the gene to their fetus. FBS was 88 which is well within range, but PP was 144, 4 mg above the cutoff value of 140. doxepin. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hemoglobin-electrophoresis#:~:text=Haemoglobin%20electrophoresis%20provides%20qualitative%20analysis,quantitation%20of%20the%20Hb%20fractions. In a study of 1019 women, the 95% reference range in non-anemic women rose from 4-57 mm/h in first trimester to 13-70 mm/h in third trimester. Vitamin C is not recommended except in transfusion-dependent patients with a proven deficiency. He or she can help you understand the disorder and your risk of passing it along to your child. Higher levels of this protein can occur during gestation as well, especially as a result of: Based on the fact that high levels of hemoglobin can be indicators of many underlying health problems, only a professional can determine the cause and recommend the proper treatment. Persons with thalassemia trait have a normal life expectancy. Reasons your doctor may want you to do a hemoglobin electrophoresis test include: 1. But now, promising new therapies have become available. It can also be used to rule out blood disorders and genetic disorders. Mosbys Diagnostic & Laboratory Test Reference. This should go away quickly. L'electrophoresis of hemoglobesna is a test that measures different types of hemoglobin in the blood and also looks for abnormal types of hemoglobin. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. You may have slight pain or bruising at the spot where the needle was put in, but most symptoms go away quickly. There are ranges for each hemoglobin type. Yashoda Hospitals is committed to providing world-class treatment for patients from across the globe. A Haemoglobin Electrophoresis test is used to look for the types of haemoglobin in your blood. You usually need to go to a lab to have your blood drawn. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Sickle Cell Disease; [cited 2020 Jan 10]; [about 3 screens]. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A high hemoglobin F (HbF) value - in patients aged two years and over - should suggest the possible diagnosis of beta thalassemia or persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. One study found osteoporosis in 51 percent of persons older than 12 years with thalassemia major.14, Persons with thalassemia trait require no treatment or long-term monitoring. Normal adult: mainly HbA, small amounts HbA 2 (1.5-3.5%), HbF. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This is different in babies and adults: Hemoglobin is mostly made up of hemoglobin F in fetuses. The test results of Hemoglobin electrophoresis help to check for any abnormal hemoglobin. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are generally not. Cellulose acetate/citrate agar electrophoresis of filter paper hemolysates from heel stick. At birth, HbF accounts for approximately 80 percent of hemoglobin and HbA accounts for 20 percent.3 The transition from gamma globin synthesis (HbF) to beta globin synthesis (HbA) begins before birth. The Korean journal of laboratory medicine. A too low value of hemoglobin A2 - associated with low MCV and low MCH - with normal values of iron and ferritin, should lead to suspect a variant of hemoglobin. This is the most common type of hemoglobin found normally in adults. Beta globin synthesis is controlled by one gene on each chromosome 11. There are hundreds of different types of hemoglobin. Persons with thalassemia should be referred for preconception genetic counseling, and persons with alpha thalassemia trait should consider chorionic villus sampling to diagnose infants with hemoglobin Bart's, which increases the risk of toxemia and postpartum bleeding. Since the test results are useful to rule out sickle cell and other blood disorders, it is also called Hemoglobin evaluation test or Sickle cell screen. 96. Beta globin chain production can range from near normal to completely absent, leading to varying degrees of excess alpha globin to beta globin chain production. Background Hemoglobin (Hb) measurement is a standard test among pregnant women during the first perinatal visit that is used to evaluate physical status and anemia. It quickly declines by the time your baby is a year old: The normal levels of the types of hemoglobin in adults are: You acquire different abnormal types of hemoglobin by inheriting gene mutations on the genes that are responsible for producing hemoglobin. Haemoglobin electrophoresis analyses the various kinds of the oxygen-carrying protein (Haemoglobin) in the blood. 3 rd trimester of pregnancy: 9.5 to 15 g/dl or 95 to 150 g/L. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Washington D.C.: American Society of Hematology; c2020. Available from: UW Health [Internet]. ampamarianistasalboraya.com foromadres.net foroactivo.com, nutriben.es sillasbebe10.com nestlefamilyclub.es. The screening checks for a variety of conditions. A patient has target cells and a positive tube solubility test. However, studies focusing on Hb levels and pregnancy outcomes are scarce. Sickle cell can be diagnosed by a blood test. Liver function tests are blood tests used to help diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage. [9, 10]. Transfusion-dependent patients will develop iron overload and require chelation therapy to remove the excess iron. Experienced specialists perform non-invasive and minimally invasive surgeries to provide the best treatment for international patients. Normal Hgb levels also depend on the age of a person. If levels of HgbA or HgbF are too high or too low, it can indicate certain types of anemia. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Chui DHK SM. Indications and applications of hemoglobin electrophoresis include the following: Evaluation of unexplained hemolytic anemia, Microcytic anemia unrelated to iron deficiency, chronic disease, or lead toxicity, A peripheral smear with abnormal red cell features (eg, target cells or sickle cells), Positive family history of hemoglobinopathy, Positive results on sickle cell or solubility test. Healthcare providers place dissolved red blood cells from the sample on a cellulose strip. Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. The faulty or abnormal hemoglobin is unable to carry oxygen at normal levels. Using these references, as well as publications by other researchers in which normal values were determined across pregnancy for a number of analytes, we compiled a table of the most common, and some not so common, laboratory test . Policy. Alkaline and/or citrate agar electrophoresis is the commonly used method. Hemoglobin Levels: Whats Considered Normal? Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. There are many different types of hemoglobin (Hb) includingHbA, HbA2, HbF, HbS, HbC, Hb H, and Hb M. Healthy adults usually have only a combination of HbA and HbA2 and rarely also HgF. Hemoglobin types react to the electric current, moving away from each other. Hemoglobin electrphoresis is among the routine blood tests done during pregnancy and the first prenatal visit. Persons at risk of having a child with thalassemia should be offered preconception genetic counseling. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. Hb Electrophoresis analysis. Diagnosis is based on genetic testing and quantitative hemoglobin analysis. Hemoglobin electrophoresis test uses electric current to segregate different hemoglobin proteins in blood. To test a newborn, a health care provider will clean your baby's heel with alcohol and poke the heel with a small needle. [3, 4, 5], Murine monoclonal antibodies against human normal and variant hemoglobins may be used for identification and/or quantification of hemoglobins, such as HbF measurement with radial immunodiffusion or HbF-containing erythrocytes (F-cells) with flow cytometry. Normal types of hemoglobin include: Hemoglobin (Hgb) A, the most common type of hemoglobin in healthy adults Hemoglobin (Hgb) F, fetal hemoglobin. Rarely, persons will have coexisting hemoglobinopathy and thalassemia (Online Table A). Hemoglobin electrophoresis has been superseded by more rapid, sensitive, and quantitative methods of hemoglobin separation. Hemoglobin F or Fetal hemoglobin- It is found in newborn kids and foetuses. A hemoglobin electrophoresis test gives healthcare providers a snapshot of hemoglobin types. As with any blood test, there are minimal risks. Sideroblastic anemia can be excluded with an examination of the peripheral smear or the bone marrow aspirate. Pediatrics. Whether both defective genes are on the same or different chromosomes will alter the outcome (Online Figure B). A hemoglobin electrophoresis will indicate if there are any abnormal types of hemoglobin caused by genetic disorders. Why do I need a Hemoglobin electrophoresis test? Although this therapy is relatively nontoxic, it is cumbersome and expensive. A value that isn't in the normal range may still be normal for you. Blood. A normal human body has various types of haemoglobin - HbA, A2 and F. Alpha thalassemia intermedia with significant hemoglobin H (hemoglobin H disease), Moderate to severe hemolytic anemia, modest degree of ineffective erythropoiesis, splenomegaly, variable bone changes, Alpha thalassemia major with significant hemoglobin Bart's, Causes nonimmune hydrops fetalis, usually fatal, Two genes defective (mild to moderate decrease in beta globin synthesis), Variable degrees of severity of symptoms of thalassemia major, Two genes defective (severe decrease in beta globin synthesis), Abdominal swelling, growth retardation, irritability, jaundice, pallor, skeletal abnormalities, splenomegaly; requires lifelong blood transfusions, MCV (abnormal if < 80 fl in adults; < 70 fl in children six months to six years of age; and < 76 fl in children seven to 12 years of age), Mentzer index for children (MCV/red blood cell count), Increased HbA2, reduced HbA, and probably increased HbF, Adults: normal Newborns: may have HbH or Hb Bart's. Hemoglobin type levels are a way of evaluating hemoglobin, a protein in your red blood cells. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In addition to the increase of blood volume being the reason behind low hemoglobin, deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, vitamin C and folic acid could also be responsible for it. Hemoglobin typesinclude hemoglobin A1 (HbA1), hemoglobin A2 (HbA2), hemoglobin F (HbF; fetal hemoglobin), hemoglobin C (HbC), and hemoglobin S (HbS). Cleveland Clinic Cancer Center provides world-class care to patients with cancer and is at the forefront of new and emerging clinical, translational and basic cancer research. This patient probably:-is normal-has sickle cell anemia . The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Jun 1993;17(3):227-242: Kim JE, Kim BR, Woo KS, Kim JM, Park JI, Han JY. There is very little risk to having a blood test. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Labcorp test details for Hemoglobin (Hb) A2, Quantitative. Blood from healthy newborns typically shows 20-30% Hb A, 70-80% hemoglobin F (22), and no Hb A2. Because some complications seem to be related to cellular oxidative stress, treatment with antioxidants has been thought to be beneficial.18 However, no improvements in anemia or reductions in morbidity or mortality have been demonstrated. Your lab report should show the range that your lab uses for each test. The hemoglobin electrophoresis testsfor abnormal forms of hemoglobin (hemoglobinopathy). (Hb H is a tetramer of beta globin chains.) Hemoglobin F still makes up the majority of hemoglobin in newborns. Washington D.C.: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c20012020. Washington D.C.: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c20012020. People with low or abnormal hemoglobin are not able to carry enough oxygen to the organs and can lead to lethargy, jaundice, etc. There are several different types of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin electrophoresis is usually normal in adults with alpha thalassemia. Nov 1957;50(5):745-752: Dover GJ, Boyer SH. This condition, known as phlebitis, can be treated with a warm compress several times a day. Heres the typical test procedure: Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is another technique for identifying abnormal hemoglobin. To interpret test results use the reference range in the laboratory report. Alpha thalassemia major with Hb Bart's usually results in fatal hydrops fetalis. If thalassemia is still suspected, a hemoglobin electrophoresis may help diagnose the condition. Alpha thalassemia is caused by reduced or absent synthesis of alpha globin chains, and beta thalassemia is caused by reduced or absent synthesis of beta globin chains. Approximately 5 percent of the world's population has a globin variant, but only 1.7 percent has alpha or beta thalassemia trait.2 Thalassemia affects men and women equally and occurs in approximately 4.4 of every 10,000 live births. Most deaths are caused by the cardiac complications of iron overload.11. In iron deficiency, the ratio is usually greater than 13, whereas thalassemia yields values less than 13. In adults, these are normal percentages of different hemoglobin molecules: HbA: 95% to 98% (0.95 to 0.98) HbA2: 2% to 3% (0.02 to 0.03) HbE: Absent HbF: 0.8% to 2% (0.008 to 0.02) HbS: Absent HbC: Absent In infants and children, these are normal percentage of HbF molecules: HbF (newborn): 50% to 80% (0.5 to 0.8) HbF (6 months): 8% Aga Khan lab test directory with complete lab test details regarding biochemistry, blood bank, haematology, histopathology, & molecular pathology. Preconception genetic counseling is strongly advised for all persons with thalassemia.20 Two parents, each with beta thalassemia trait, have a one in four chance of conceiving a child with beta thalassemia major and a three in four chance the child will have thalassemia trait or be normal (Online Figure A).